Comparison of N···I and N···O Halogen Bonds in Organoiodine Cocrystals of Heterocyclic Aromatic Diazine Mono-N-oxides.

A series of cocrystals of halogen bond donors 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (p-F4DIB) and tetraiodoethylene (TIE) with five aromatic heterocyclic diazine mono-N-oxides based on pyrazine, tetramethylpyrazine, quinoxaline, phenazine, and pyrimidine as halogen bonding acceptors were studied. Structural analysis of the mono-N-oxides allows comparison of the competitive occurrence of N···I vs O···I interactions and the relative strength and directionality of these two types of interactions. Of the aromatic heterocyclic diazine mono-N-oxide organoiodine cocrystals examined, six exhibited 1:1 stoichiometry, forming chains that utilized both N···I and O···I interactions. Two cocrystals presented 1:1 stoichiometry with exclusive O···I interactions. Two cocrystals displayed a 2:1 stoichiometry-one characterized solely by O···I interactions and the other solely by N···I interactions. We have also compared these interactions to those present in the corresponding diazines, some of which we report here and some which have been previously reported. In addition, a computational analysis using density functional theory (M062X/def2-SVPD) was performed on these two systems and has been compared to the experimental results. The calculated complex formation energies were, on average, 4.7 kJ/mol lower for the I···O halogen bonding interaction as compared to the corresponding N···I interaction. The average I···O interaction distances were calculated to be 0.15 Å shorter than the corresponding I···N interactions.

The ability to sense the environment is heterogeneously distributed in cell populations.

Channel capacity of signaling networks quantifies their fidelity in sensing extracellular inputs. Low estimates of channel capacities for several mammalian signaling networks suggest that cells can barely detect the presence/absence of environmental signals. However, given the extensive heterogeneity and temporal stability of cell state variables, we hypothesize that the sensing ability itself may depend on the state of the cells. In this work, we present an information-theoretic framework to quantify the distribution of sensing abilities from single-cell data. Using data on two mammalian pathways, we show that sensing abilities are widely distributed in the population and most cells achieve better resolution of inputs compared to an 'average cell'. We verify these predictions using live-cell imaging data on the IGFR/FoxO pathway. Importantly, we identify cell state variables that correlate with cells' sensing abilities. This information-theoretic framework will significantly improve our understanding of how cells sense in their environment.

The ability to sense the environment is heterogeneously distributed in cell populations.

Channel capacity of signaling networks quantifies their fidelity in sensing extracellular inputs. Low estimates of channel capacities for several mammalian signaling networks suggest that cells can barely detect the presence/absence of environmental signals. However, given the extensive heterogeneity and temporal stability of cell state variables, we hypothesize that the sensing ability itself may depend on the state of the cells. In this work, we present an information theoretic framework to quantify the distribution of sensing abilities from single cell data. Using data on two mammalian pathways, we show that sensing abilities are widely distributed in the population and most cells achieve better resolution of inputs compared to an " average cell ". We verify these predictions using live cell imaging data on the IGFR/FoxO pathway. Importantly, we identify cell state variables that correlate with cells' sensing abilities. This information theoretic framework will significantly improve our understanding of how cells sense in their environment.

Crystal structure of (E)-2-[(2-bromopyridin-3-yl)methyl-idene]-6-meth-oxy-3,4-di-hydro-naphthalen-1(2H)-one and 3-[(E)-(6-meth-oxy-1-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetra-hydro-naphthalen-2-ylidene)meth-yl]pyridin-2(1H)-one.

The title compounds C17H14BrNO2, (I), and C17H15NO3, (II), were obtained from the reaction of 6-meth-oxy-3,4-di-hydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one and 2-bromo-nicotinaldehyde in ethanol. Compound (I) was the expected product and compound (II) was the oxidation product from air exposure. In the crystal structure of compound (I), there are no short contacts or hydrogen bonds. The structure does display π-π inter-actions between adjacent benzene rings and adjacent pyridyl rings. Compound (II) contains two independent mol-ecules, A and B, in the asymmetric unit; both are non-planar, the dihedral angles between the meth-oxy-benzene and 1H-pyridin-2-one mean planes being 35.07 (9)° in A and 35.28 (9)°in B. In each mol-ecule, the 1H-pyridin-2-one unit participates in inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding to another mol-ecule of the same type (A to A or B to B). The structure also displays π-π inter-actions between the pyridyl and the benzene rings of non-equivalent mol-ecules (viz., A to B and B to A).

Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of XRP6258 (RPR 116258A), a novel taxane, administered as a 1-hour infusion every 3 weeks in patients with advanced solid tumors.

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of administering XRP6258, a new taxane with a low affinity for the multidrug resistance 1 protein, as a 1-hour i.v. infusion every 3 weeks. The study also sought to determine the maximum tolerated dose and the recommended dose, to describe the pharmacokinetic (PK) behavior of the compound, and to seek preliminary evidence of anticancer activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Twenty-five patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with 102 courses of XRP6258 at four dose levels ranging from 10 to 25 mg/m(2). Dose escalation was based on the occurrence of dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) at each dose level, provided that PK variables were favorable. The maximum tolerated dose was defined as the dose at which at least two patients developed a DLT at the first course. RESULTS: Neutropenia was the principal DLT, with one patient experiencing febrile neutropenia and two others showing prolonged grade 4 neutropenia at the 25 mg/m(2) dose level. Nonhematologic toxicities, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, neurotoxicity, and fatigue, were generally mild to moderate in severity. XRP6258 exhibited dose-proportional PK, a triphasic elimination profile, a long terminal half-life (77.3 hours), a high clearance (mean CL, 53.5 L/h), and a large volume of distribution (mean V(ss), 2,034 L/m(2)). Objective antitumor activity included partial responses in two patients with metastatic prostate carcinoma, one unconfirmed partial response, and two minor responses. CONCLUSION: The recommended phase II dose of XRP6258 on this schedule is 20 mg/m(2). The general tolerability and encouraging antitumor activity in taxane-refractory patients warrant further evaluations of XRP6258.

Oxaliplatin pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in adult cancer patients with impaired renal function.

PURPOSE: To characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of oxaliplatin in cancer patients with impaired renal function. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Thirty-four patients were stratified by 24-h urinary creatinine clearance (CrCL) into four renal dysfunction groups: group A (control, CrCL, >or=60 mL/min), B (mild, CrCL, 40-59 mL/min), C (moderate, CrCL, 20-39 mL/min), and D (severe, CrCL, <20 mL/min). Patients were treated with 60 to 130 mg/m2 oxaliplatin infused over 2 h every 3 weeks. Pharmacokinetic monitoring of platinum in plasma, plasma ultrafiltrates, and urine was done during cycles 1 and 2. RESULTS: Plasma ultrafiltrate platinum clearance strongly correlated with CrCL (r2 = 0.712). Platinum elimination from plasma was triphasic, and maximal platinum concentrations (Cmax) were consistent across all renal impairment groups. However, only the beta-half-life was significantly prolonged by renal impairment, with values of 14.0 +/- 4.3, 20.3 +/- 17.7, 29.2 +/- 29.6, and 68.1 h in groups A, B, C, and D, respectively (P = 0.002). At a dose level of 130 mg/m2, the area under the concentration time curve increased in with the degree of renal impairment, with values of 16.4 +/- 5.03, 39.7 +/- 11.5, and 44.6 +/- 14.6 mug.h/mL, in groups A, B, and C, respectively. However, there was no increase in pharmacodynamic drug-related toxicities. Estimated CrCL using the Cockcroft-Gault method approximated the measured 24-h urinary CrCL (mean prediction error, -5.0 mL/min). CONCLUSIONS: Oxaliplatin pharmacokinetics are altered in patients with renal impairment, but a corresponding increase in oxaliplatin-related toxicities is not observed.

Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of pemetrexed administered every 3 weeks to advanced cancer patients with normal and impaired renal function.

PURPOSE: This phase I study was conducted to determine the toxicities, pharmacokinetics, and recommended doses of pemetrexed in cancer patients with normal and impaired renal function. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients received a 10-minute infusion of 150 to 600 mg/m2 of pemetrexed every 3 weeks. Patients were stratified for independent dose escalation by measured glomerular filtration rate (GFR) into four cohorts ranging from > or = 80 to less than 20 mL/min. Pemetrexed plasma and urine pharmacokinetics were evaluated for the first cycle. Patients enrolled after December 1999 were supplemented with oral folic acid and intramuscular vitamin B12. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients were treated with 167 cycles of pemetrexed. Hematologic dose-limiting toxicities occurred in vitamin-supplemented patients (two; 15%) and non-supplemented patients (six; 18%), and included febrile neutropenia (four patients) and grade 4 thrombocytopenia (two patients). Nonhematologic toxicities included fatigue, diarrhea, and nausea, and did not correlate with renal function. Accrual was discontinued in patients with GFR less than 30 mL/min after one patient with a GFR of 19 mL/min died as a result of treatment-related toxicities. Pemetrexed plasma clearance positively correlated with GFR (r2 = 0.736), resulting in increased drug exposures in patients with impaired renal function. With vitamin supplementation, pemetrexed 600 mg/m2 was tolerated by patients with a GFR > or = 80 mL/min, whereas patients with a GFR of 40 to 79 mL/min tolerated a dose of 500 mg/m2. CONCLUSION: Pemetrexed was well tolerated at doses of 500 mg/m2 with vitamin supplementation in patients with GFR > or = 40 mL/min. Additional studies are needed to define appropriate dosing for renally impaired patients receiving higher dose pemetrexed with vitamin supplementation.

Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of sequences of the rebeccamycin analogue NSC 655649 and cisplatin in patients with advanced solid tumors.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of administering NSC 655649, a water-soluble rebeccamycin analogue that inhibits both topoisomerases I and II, in combination with cisplatin (CDDP) in adults with solid malignancies. Major toxicologic and pharmacologic differences between the two sequences of drug administration were also assessed. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: NSC 655649 was administered as a 60-minute i.v. infusion; CDDP was given i.v. before or after NSC 655649 on day 1. Each patient was treated with alternating drug sequences every 3 weeks; doses of each drug were escalated in separate cohorts of new patients. Sequential dose escalation of NSC 655649 or CDDP resulted in three dosage permutations of NSC 655649/CDDP: 440/50, 550/50, and 440/75 mg/m2. After the maximum tolerated dose level was determined, the feasibility of using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to permit further dose escalation was explored. RESULTS: Twenty patients were treated with 70 courses of NSC 655649/CDDP. Myelosuppression was the principal toxicity. The incidence of severe neutropenia, often associated with severe thrombocytopenia, was unacceptably high in minimally pretreated patients at the NSC 655649/CDDP dose level of 550/50 mg/m2 without and with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Major pharmacokinetic interactions between NSC 655649 and CDDP were not apparent. No relevant sequence-dependent differences in toxicity or pharmacokinetic variables occurred. Three patients had partial responses. CONCLUSIONS: NSC 655649 and CDDP were well tolerated by minimally pretreated subjects at 440 and 50 mg/m2, respectively. Neither pharmacokinetic interactions between the agents nor sequence-dependent toxicologic or pharmacokinetic effects were apparent. The tolerance and preliminary activity observed with this combination suggest that disease-directed evaluations of the regimen are warranted.

Phase 1 study of weekly polyethylene glycol-camptothecin in patients with advanced solid tumors and lymphomas.

PURPOSE: To determine the maximal tolerated dose and dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) of pegamotecan (polyethylene glycol-camptothecin) in patients with advanced malignancies when administered in cycles of once weekly for 3 of 4 weeks. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Eligible patients had advanced solid tumors that failed to respond to standard therapy or for which no standard therapy was available, including also the following criteria: measurable disease, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of < or =2, and acceptable organ function. Pegamotecan was administered as a 60-minute infusion, with successive patient cohorts receiving escalating doses from 800 to 4,300 mg/m(2). The primary end point was to determine the maximal tolerated dose. Other end points were toxicity, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy. Pharmacokinetic analysis measured free camptothecin. Pharmacodynamic analysis correlated drug effects with pegamotecan dose and pharmacokinetic variables. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients were enrolled. The maximal tolerated dose was 3,240 mg/m(2). Grade 4 neutropenia, the DLT, was noted in two of four patients treated at 4,300 mg/m(2). Other grade 3 and 4 toxicities were anemia, thrombocytopenia, fatigue, prolonged partial thromboplastin time, hemorrhagic cystitis, dysuria, and urinary frequency. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed the apparent terminal elimination half-life to be 46 +/- 12.8 hours. Pharmacodynamic analysis showed that hematuria occurred in 8 of 15 patients with an area under the curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC(0-infinity)) > 20 ng h/mL and 0 of 10 patients with an AUC(0-infinity) < or = 20 ng h/mL. Unconfirmed partial responses were observed in two patients, one with metastatic small bowel adenocarcinoma and the other with metastatic esophageal cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The maximal tolerated dose of pegamotecan when administered weekly for 3 of 4 weeks is 3,240 mg/m(2). The DLT was neutropenia. Among nonhematologic toxicities, the incidence of gastrointestinal toxicity was low, but genitourinary toxicity seems to occur in the same effective dose range as noted with native camptothecin in earlier trials (27-43 mg/m(2)). The observed antitumor activity suggests that pegamotecan has single-agent activity and merits further investigation in phase 2 studies.

Cross-reactivity among edible nuts: double immunodiffusion, crossed immunoelectrophoresis, and human specific igE serologic surveys.

BACKGROUND: As many as one third of all food allergen anaphylactic events are related to tree nut ingestion. Although concurrent allergen sensitivity to tree nuts is common, cross-reactivity among nut antigens is less well defined. OBJECTIVE: To survey serologic cross-reactivities among 7 tree nuts (walnut, pecan, hazelnut, cashew, Brazil nut, pistachio, and almond) and peanut. METHODS: Human specific IgE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition was used to identify nut allergen cross-reactivities. Single-nut rabbit antisera were used in double immunodiffusion, crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel studies of nut antigen cross-reactivity. RESULTS: Nut specific IgE enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay inhibition demonstrated no cross-reactivities between peanut and tree nuts. Among tree nuts, 2 groups with allergen cross-reactivity were defined: (1) walnut, pecan, and hazelnut and (2) hazelnut, cashew, Brazil nut, pistachio, and almond. Double immunodiffusion, crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis, and crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel results supported the same groupings of cross-reactive tree nuts and identified several less prominent nut-nut antigen cross-reactivities between groups and with peanut. CONCLUSION: With few exceptions (notably limited peanut cross-reactivity with pistachio and walnut), peanut antigens did not serologically cross-react with tree nuts. Walnut, pecan, and hazelnut form a group of strongly cross-reactive tree nuts. Hazelnut, cashew, Brazil nut, pistachio, and almond form a group of moderately cross-reactive tree nuts. Cross-reactivities between these groups are less pronounced (notably limited cross-reactivity of walnut and pecan with Brazil nut). The strongest cross-reactivities among tree nuts follow botanical family associations: (1) walnut and pecan in the family Juglandaceae and (2) cashew and pistachio in the family Anacardiaceae.

Air transport globalization, liberalization and sustainability: post-2001 policy dynamics in the United States and Europe.

Against a context of international crisis in the air transport industry, this paper examines the implications of the ways in which strategies developed by key air transport stakeholders, as well as the contemporary dynamics of the globalized, liberalized market place, impact directly on sustainability issues. More specifically, the paper has two objectives. First, it discusses the policy ramifications of the interrelationships between the concepts of globalization, liberalization, and sustainability within the air transport industry. Second, the paper explores the import of these interrelationships as they interconnect with stakeholder strategies in the differing geopolitical contexts of the US and EU. Particular attention is given to airline network and frequency strategies. The paper concludes that while the financial sustainability of the airline industry is the overwhelming concern today, if this is essentially the short-term crisis that the airline industry claims it to be, the longer-term predictions of air transport growth will again bring environmental sustainability issues to the fore.

Phase I pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of unconjugated soy isoflavones administered to individuals with cancer.

Preclinical studies suggest that the isoflavone genistein may have prostate cancer chemopreventive activity. Genistein has been shown to alter cellular levels of protein-tyrosine phosphorylation and is present at high levels in soy. This study was designed to measure the pharmacokinetic parameters of two different preparations of unconjugated soy isoflavones, PTI G-2535 and PTI G-4660 (which contain 43% and 90% genistein, respectively), in human subjects with cancer, to evaluate toxicity and obtain pilot data on in vivo effects on protein-tyrosine phosphorylation. Cohorts of four patients were given single doses of each preparation; each dose was separated by 1 week. Sequential cohorts received genistein at 2, 4, or 8 mg/kg orally. Pharmacokinetic sampling was performed after each dose, and tyrosine phosphorylation was measured in proteins extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells. One of 13 patients treated developed a treatment-related rash. No other toxicities were observed. Maximal plasma concentrations (C(max)) ranged between 4.3 and 16.3 micro M for total genistein and 0.066 and 0.17 micro M for free genistein. For PTI G-2535 and PTI G-4660, half-life was 15.03 and 22.41 h, respectively, and volume of distribution was 189.9 and 653.8 liters, respectively, and there was a trend toward higher area under the concentration curve for PTI G-2535 (P = 0.07 at the 8 mg/kg dose). Treatment-related increases in tyrosine phosphorylation were observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Oral administration of soy isoflavones gives plasma concentrations of genistein that have been associated with antimetastatic activity in vitro.

A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of ILX-295501, an oral diarylsulfonylurea, on a weekly for 3 weeks every 4-week schedule in patients with advanced solid malignancies.

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to assess the feasibility of administering the oral diarylsulfonylurea (DSU) ILX-295501 on a weekly for 3 weeks every 4-week schedule. The study also sought to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of ILX-295501 on this schedule, characterize its pharmacokinetic behavior, and seek preliminary evidence of anticancer activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: The initial starting dose of ILX-295501 was 100 mg/m(2), which was equivalent to one-sixth of the highest dose that did not induce irreversible toxicity in dogs, and, using a modified Fibonnaci search scheme to guide dose level selection, the following dose levels were evaluated: 100, 200, 400, 600, 900, 1350, and 1800 mg/m(2). Because severe toxicities were being reported in other trials at doses that encompassed this range and a cumulative toxicity profile was emerging, the study was suspended and then reinitiated to further reevaluate the lower dosing range. In the second part of the study, the following dose levels were selected a priori for evaluation: 400, 800, 1000, 1250, and 1500 mg/m(2); and a modified continual reassessment model was used for dose assignment to determine the MTD, which was defined a priori as the highest dose in which the incidence of dose-limiting toxicity in the first course did not exceed 20%. RESULTS: Forty-nine patients were treated with 142 courses of ILX-295501 at doses ranging from 100 to 1800 mg/m(2). The incidences of dose-limiting toxicity, principally neutropenia and thrombocytopenia, were unacceptably high at ILX-295501 doses exceeding 1000 mg/m(2), which was determined to be the MTD for both minimally pretreated and heavily pretreated (HP) patients. In contrast to the first generation of DSUs, particularly sulofenur, clinically relevant levels of oxidized hemoglobin (methemoglobin) and secondary hemolytic anemia, were not noted. One HP patient with non-small cell lung carcinoma experienced a partial response. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that ILX-295501 was absorbed slowly, with peak plasma concentrations (C(max)) achieving 6.02 h, on average, after oral administration. The pharmacokinetic behavior of ILX-295501 was characterized by dose proportionality, a relatively small apparent volume of distribution at steady state (V(ss)/F), averaging 8.02 +/- 14.08 liters, and low apparent total body clearance (CL(t)/F) rate (mean, 0.036 +/- 0.116 liters/h). The initial drug distribution phase was rapid [harmonic mean half-life (t(1/2alpha)), 2.1 +/- 7.0 min], whereas the terminal elimination phase was slow (harmonic mean t(1/2beta,) 150.6 +/- 80.2 h). CONCLUSIONS: The recommended dose for Phase II studies of the oral DSU ILX-295501 administered weekly for 3 weeks every 4 weeks is 1000 mg/m(2)/day for both minimally pretreated and HP patients. The characteristics of the myelosuppressive effects of ILX-295501, the paucity of severe nonhematological toxicities, and preliminary antitumor activity warrant disease-directed evaluations of ILX-295501.

A phase I, pharmacokinetic, and biological study of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor tipifarnib in combination with gemcitabine in patients with advanced malignancies.

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of administering tipifarnib, an oral nonpeptidomimetic competitive inhibitor of farnesyltransferase, in combination with gemcitabine and recommend doses for disease-directed clinical trials. The study also sought to identify drug-drug pharmacokinetic interactions, evaluate effects on protein farnesylation, and seek preliminary evidence for clinical activity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with tipifarnib at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg twice daily continuously and 1000 mg/m(2) gemcitabine i.v. on days 1, 8, and 15 every 4 weeks. To identify pharmacokinetic interactions, the treatment and plasma sampling schemes were designed to permit comparisons of the pharmacokinetic behavior of each agent administered alone and together. The proportions of unfarnesylated and farnesylated HDJ2, a chaperone protein that undergoes farnesylation, were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. RESULTS: Nineteen evaluable patients were treated with 74 courses of tipifarnib/gemcitabine (mg/mg/m(2)). Myelosuppression was the principal toxicity. Dose-limiting myelosuppression occurred in 2 of 5 patients at the 300/1000 dose level, whereas 2 of 11 evaluable patients at the 200/1000 dose level experienced dose-limiting toxicity. There was no evidence of clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions between tipifarnib and gemcitabine. Inhibition of farnesylation of HDJ2, a potential surrogate for Ras and/or other potentially relevant farnesylated proteins, was demonstrated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells at all dose levels. Partial responses were noted in patients with advanced pancreatic and nasopharyngeal carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of the results of this study, the tipifarnib/gemcitabine dose level of 200/1000 is recommended for disease-directed studies. At this dose level, biologically relevant plasma concentrations of tipifarnib that consistently inhibit protein farnesylation in vitro are achieved and drug-induced inhibition of protein farnesylation is measured in most patients.

Administration of oxaliplatin to patients with renal dysfunction: a preliminary report of the national cancer institute organ dysfunction working group.

Oxaliplatin is an approved agent with clinical activity in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer. Preliminary pharmacokinetic evidence suggests that oxaliplatin is predominantly cleared by renal excretion; however, formal dosing guidelines in patients with renal impairment are lacking. The National Cancer Institute Organ Dysfunction Working Group initiated the following dose-escalation pharmacokinetic trial of oxaliplatin in patients with varying degrees of renal function. Thirty-seven patients with various solid tumor malignancies were stratified into four renal dysfunction groups based on their measured 24-hour urinary creatinine clearance (CrCL). Patients in group A (controls) all had a CrCL >or= 60 mL/min; group B patients had mild renal dysfunction with CrCLs ranging from 40 to 59 mL/min; group C patients had moderate renal dysfunction with CrCLs of 20 to 39 mL/min; and patients with a CrCL < 20 mL/min were entered into the group D severe cohort. The starting oxaliplatin dose for patients in the normal group A was 130 mg/m(2), while lower doses of 105, 80, and 60 mg/m(2) were used in groups B, C, and D, respectively. Patients received a 2-hour intravenous infusion of oxaliplatin every 3 weeks, and doses were escalated in cohorts of three patients in each renal dysfunction group in the absence of any severe dose-limiting toxicity. Oxaliplatin-associated platinum pharmacokinetics were monitored in both plasma (bound + unbound) and plasma ultrafiltrates (unbound). Full single-agent doses of oxaliplatin of 130 mg/m(2) were well tolerated by patients with normal, mild, and moderate renal dysfunction in groups A, B, and C, respectively. Only one patient was enrolled in group D. Unbound platinum clearance significantly correlated with CrCL (r =.884), but the increased systemic exposures to circulating platinum were not associated with increased clinical toxicities. These data suggest that dose reductions of single-agent oxaliplatin are not necessary in patients with CrCLs >20 mL/min.

A Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of squalamine, an aminosterol angiogenesis inhibitor.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and characterize the pharmacokinetics of squalamine administered as a continuous i.v. infusion daily for 5 days every 3 weeks. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with escalating doses of squalamine as a 5-day continuous i.v. infusion every 3 weeks. Doses were initially escalated in 100% increments from a starting dose of 6 mg/m(2)/day, with a single patient treated at each dose level until moderate toxicity was observed, at which time additional patients were treated. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients were treated with 73 courses of squalamine at 13 dose levels ranging from 6 to 700 mg/m(2)/day. Hepatotoxicity, characterized by brief, asymptomatic elevations in transaminases and hyperbilirubinemia, was the principal dose-limiting toxicity of squalamine. At 700 mg/m(2)/day, two of three patients developed grade 4 hyperbilirubinemia, which precluded further dose escalation. At 500 mg/m(2)/day, one of seven patients experienced dose-limiting grade 4 hyperbilirubinemia and grade 3 neurosensory changes, which resolved soon after treatment. Squalamine pharmacokinetics were dose-proportional. At 500 mg/m(2)/day, the mean (percentage coefficient of variation) clearance, half-life, and volume of distribution of squalamine were 2.67 liters/h/m(2) (85%), 9.46 h (81%), and 36.84 liters/m(2) (124%), respectively, and steady-state concentrations [20.08 micro g/ml (13%)] were well above those that inhibit angiogenesis in preclinical models. CONCLUSIONS: At the recommended Phase II dose of 500 mg/m(2)/day, squalamine is well tolerated and results in plasma concentrations at least an order of magnitude higher than those required for prominent antiangiogenic effects in preclinical studies.

Dose-escalating and pharmacological study of oxaliplatin in adult cancer patients with impaired renal function: a National Cancer Institute Organ Dysfunction Working Group Study.

PURPOSE: This study was undertaken to determine the toxicities, pharmacokinetics, and maximum tolerated doses of oxaliplatin in patients with renal impairment and to develop formal guidelines for oxaliplatin dosing in this patient population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-seven adult cancer patients with variable renal function received intravenous oxaliplatin at 60 to 130 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. Patients were stratified by 24-hour creatinine clearance (CrCL) into four cohorts: group A (controls, CrCL > or =60 mL/min), group B (mild dysfunction, CrCL 40 to 59 mL/min), group C (moderate dysfunction, CrCL 20 to 39 mL/min), and group D (severe dysfunction, CrCL <20 mL/min). Doses were escalated in cohorts of three patients, and urine and plasma ultrafiltrates were assayed for platinum concentrations. RESULTS: No dose-limiting toxicities were observed in any patient group during the first cycle of therapy. Escalation of oxaliplatin to the maximum dose of 130 mg/m2 was well tolerated in all patient groups with a CrCL > or =20 mL/min (groups A, B, and C). Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that patients with decreased CrCL had a corresponding decrease in the clearance of plasma ultrafiltrable platinum (r2 = 0.765). However, oxaliplatin-induced side effects were not more common or severe in patients with mild to moderate renal dysfunction, despite the decrease in ultrafiltrable platinum clearance. CONCLUSION: Oxaliplatin at 130 mg/m2 every 3 weeks is well tolerated by patients with mild to moderate degrees of renal dysfunction. These data strongly support the recommendation that dose reductions of single-agent oxaliplatin are not necessary in patients with a CrCL greater than 20 mL/min.

A phase I and pharmacokinetic study of pegylated camptothecin as a 1-hour infusion every 3 weeks in patients with advanced solid malignancies.

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of administering camptothecin (CPT), the prototypic topoisomerase I inhibitor, as polyethylene glycol (PEG)-CPT, a macromolecule consisting of CPT conjugated to chemically modified PEG. The study also sought to determine the maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of PEG-CPT, characterize its pharmacokinetic behavior, and seek preliminary evidence of anticancer activity. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with escalating doses of PEG-CPT as a 1-hour intravenous (IV) infusion every 3 weeks. A modified continual reassessment method was used for dose-level assignment to determine the MTD, which was defined as the highest dose level at which the incidence of dose-limiting toxicity did not exceed 20%. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients were treated with 144 courses of PEG-CPT at seven dose levels ranging from 600 to 8,750 mg/m(2). Severe myelosuppression was consistently experienced by heavily pretreated (HP) and minimally pretreated (MP) patients at the highest dose level evaluated, 8,750 mg/m(2), whereas both HP and MP patients tolerated repetitive treatment at 7,000 mg/m(2). Cystitis, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea were also observed but were rarely severe. A partial response was noted in a patient with platinum- and etoposide-resistant small-cell lung carcinoma, and minor responses were noted in one patient each with adenocarcinoma of unknown primary type and osteosarcoma. The pharmacokinetics of free CPT were dose proportional. Free CPT accumulated slowly in plasma, with maximal plasma concentrations achieved at 23 +/- 12.3 hours; the harmonic mean half-life (t(1/2)) of free CPT was long (t(1/2), 77.46 +/- 36.77 hours). CONCLUSION: Clinically relevant doses of CPT can be delivered by administering PEG-CPT. The recommended dose for phase II studies in both MP and HP patients is 7,000 mg/m(2) as 1-hour IV every 3 weeks. The characteristics of the myelosuppressive effects of PEG-CPT, the paucity of severe nonhematologic toxicities with repetitive treatment, the preliminary antitumor activity noted, and the slow clearance of CPT enabling simulation of desirable pharmacokinetic parameters with a convenient single-dosing regimen warrant further disease-directed evaluations.

A phase I study of pivaloyloxymethyl butyrate, a prodrug of the differentiating agent butyric acid, in patients with advanced solid malignancies.

Pivaloyloxymethyl butyrate (AN-9), an acyloxyalkyl ester prodrug of butyric acid (BA), has demonstrated greater potency than BA at inducing malignant cell differentiation and tumor growth inhibition and has demonstrated more favorable toxicological, pharmacological, and pharmaceutical properties than BA in preclinical studies. The principal objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of administering AN-9 as a 6-h i.v. infusion daily for 5 days every 3 weeks in patients with advanced solid malignancies. The study also sought to determine the principal toxicities and maximum tolerated dose of AN-9 on this intermittent schedule, as well as the effects of AN-9 on fetal hemoglobin production, a parameter indicative of RBC differentiation. None of the 28 patients treated with 85 total courses of AN-9 at dosages ranging from 0.047 to 3.3 g/m(2)/day every 3 weeks experienced dose limiting toxicity. Mild to moderate nausea, vomiting, hepatic transaminase elevation, hyperglycemia, fever, fatigue, anorexia, injection site reaction, diarrhea, and visual complaints were observed. Dose escalation of AN-9 was limited by the maximum feasible volume of its intralipid formulation vehicle that could be administered safely on this schedule, resulting in a maximum deliverable dose of 3.3 g/m(2)/day. There was no consistent increase in fetal hemoglobin with AN-9 treatment. A partial response was observed in a previously untreated patient with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Additional disease-directed clinical evaluations of AN-9 are necessary to establish the breadth of its antitumor activity and to assess its role as an effective differentiating agent.

Troxacitabine, an L-stereoisomeric nucleoside analog, on a five-times-daily schedule: a phase I and pharmacokinetic study in patients with advanced solid malignancies.

PURPOSE: To assess the feasibility of administering troxacitabine, a unique L-nucleoside that is not a substrate for deoxycytidine deaminase-mediated catabolism, as a 30-minute intravenous (IV) infusion daily for 5 days. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with advanced solid malignancies were treated with escalating doses of troxacitabine as a 30-minute IV infusion daily for 5 days. Plasma and urine sampling was performed to characterize the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of troxacitabine. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients received 124 courses of troxacitabine at eight dose levels ranging from 0.12 to 1.8 mg/m(2)/d. Severe neutropenia that was protracted (> 5 days) and/or associated with fever, and skin rashes were consistently experienced by heavily (HP) and minimally pretreated (MP) patients at doses exceeding 1.2 and 1.5 mg/m(2)/d, respectively. At troxacitabine doses > or = 1.2 mg/m(2)/d, treatment was often delayed 1 additional week for complete resolution of hematologic effects, resulting in lengthening of the treatment interval from every 3 to 4 weeks. Skin rash, palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia, and thrombocytopenia were also observed and were occasionally severe, particularly at the highest doses. A patient with metastatic ocular melanoma experienced a partial response. Pharmacokinetics of troxacitabine were dose-independent; mean (SD) values for the volume of distribution at steady-state and clearance (Cl(s)) were 60 (32) L and 161 (33) mL/min, respectively, on day 1. After treatment on the fifth day, terminal half-life values averaged 39 (63) hours, and Cl(s) was reduced by approximately 20%, averaging 127 (27) mL/min. The principal mode of drug elimination was renal. CONCLUSION: Recommended doses for phase II studies of troxacitabine as a 30-minute infusion daily for 5 days every 4 weeks are 1.5 and 1.2 mg/m(2)/d for MP and HP patients, respectively. Broad disease-directed evaluations of troxacitabine on this schedule and possibly less frequent schedules are warranted.